Almost 3500 years ago, Egyptians used straw to reinforce mud blocks for construction purposes. Later on, concrete and metals were introduced and the interest for NFC was reduced. In 1900 asbestos fibres were introduced to produce light weight and durable elements; however in 1970 it was discovered that asbestos is unhealthy. Therefore, in 20th century the idea of using natural fibres in materials was resumed which lead to extensive variety of fibre reinforced cement-based materials. Different types of fibres have been used as reinforcement, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol and Polyethene and natural fibres. Natural fibres are renewable resources. Less production energy is required for the production and it’s producible with low investment at low cost, but it has inconstant properties compared with synthetic fibres. Different researches have shown, that by using plant fibres, i.e.; Coir, Sisal, Jute, Hibiscus and Palm in cement-based materials, the compressive strength of the composites decreases with increasing fibre length and percentage. On the other hand, the flexural strength and toughness of the composites increases. Due to addition of fibres in the concrete the amount of the plastic shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage can also be reduced. Amongst the natural fibres, Abaca fibre was chosen and different experiments were performed to investigate the material properties of Abaca fibres and their behavior in concrete which is required to develop composites that show strain-hardening behavior with multiple cracks. The experiments showed that the Abaca fibres have an elliptical shape. It has a width of 100 - 400 µm and it consists of elongated elementary fibres. The tensile strength of Abaca fibre is 604 - 1104 MPa and its MOE is 14.92 - 33.61 GPa. Abaca fibres swell with an average diameter of 11.02% in a humid environment. Furthermore, Abaca fibres were treated with NaOH, Na2SiO3, C2H4O2, NaOH+C2H4O2 and H2O to reduce its hydrophilicity. As a result the surface of the Abaca fibres seemed to be damaged, but no fibre disintegration occurred. The Abaca fibres treated with H2O showed a very high reduction of -OH groups, while most of the treatments lead to an increase of -OH groups. Due to the treatment, the Abaca fibres tend to stick to each other. The effect of different treatments on the moisture absorption of the Abaca fibres was also investigated. Abaca fibres treated with NaOH + C2H4O2 and C2H4O2 exhibited the lowest moisture absorption behavior. Finally, different mixtures were casted using randomly distributed Abaca fibres to develop ductile composites and tested under compression and bending. The content of cement was reduced and replaced with limestone powder. The compressive strength of the specimens reinforced with Abaca fibres remained the same as unreinforced ones. Under bending test, the composites reinforced with Abaca fibres (treated and untreated) showed strain-hardening behavior with multiple cracks, due to increase of paste in the mixture by applying particle size distribution method. Also, single Abaca fibre pullout tests were conducted, but the results showed very low interfacial shear strength. Moreover, combined loading (freeze & thaw and bending) were performed. Under combined loading, the specimens showed strain-softening behavior. From all of the conducted experiments, it can be concluded that Abaca fibres can be used as possible reinforcement in cement-based materials (e.g. concrete) to create ductile composites, although the flexural strength, toughness and ductility is much lower than other fibre reinforced composites.