Print Email Facebook Twitter Analysis of isometric cervical strength with a nonlinear musculoskeletal model with 48 degrees of freedom Title Analysis of isometric cervical strength with a nonlinear musculoskeletal model with 48 degrees of freedom Author De Bruijn, E. Van der Helm, F.C.T. Happee, R. Faculty Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering Department Biomechanical Engineering Date 2015-06-02 Abstract Background: Musculoskeletal models served to analyze head–neck motion and injury during automotive impact. Although muscle activation is known to affect the kinematic response, a model with properly validated muscle contributions does not exist to date. The goal of this study was to enhance a musculoskeletal neck model and to validate passive properties, muscle moment arms, maximum isometric strength, and muscle activity. Methods: A dynamic nonlinear musculoskeletal model of the cervical spine with 48 degrees of freedom was extended with 129 bilateral muscle segments. The stiffness of the passive ligamentous spine was validated in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Instantaneous joint centers of rotation were validated in flexion/extension, and muscle moment arms were validated in flexion/extension and lateral bending. A linearized static model was derived to predict isometric strength and muscle activation in horizontal head force and axial rotation tasks. Results: The ligamentous spine stiffness, instantaneous joint centers of rotation, muscle moment arms, cervical isometric strength, and muscle activation patterns were in general agreement with biomechanical data. Taking into account equilibrium of all neck joints, isometric strength was strongly reduced in flexion (46 %) and axial rotation (81 %) compared to a simplified solution only considering equilibrium around T1–C7, while effects were marginal in extension (3 %). Conclusions: For the first time, isometric strength and muscle activation patterns were accurately predicted using a neck model with full joint motion freedom. This study demonstrates that model strength will be overestimated particularly in flexion and axial rotation if only muscular moment generation at T1–C7 is taken into account and equilibrium in other neck joints is disregarded. Subject musculoskeletalneckcervicalmodelisometricvalidationload sharingmuscle To reference this document use: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9f4bec27-3cd7-477c-8450-6f4502ff9e29 Publisher Springer ISSN 1384-5640 Source https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-015-9461-z Source Multibody System Dynamics, 2015 Part of collection Institutional Repository Document type journal article Rights © 2015 The Author(s)This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Files PDF Happee_2015.pdf 1.52 MB Close viewer /islandora/object/uuid:9f4bec27-3cd7-477c-8450-6f4502ff9e29/datastream/OBJ/view