Human factors of transitions in automated driving

Human factors of transitions in automated driving: A general framework and literature survey

Lu, Z. (TU Delft Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control)
Happee, R. (TU Delft OLD Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics)
Cabrall, C.D.D. (TU Delft OLD Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics)
Kyriakidis, M. (TU Delft Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control; ETH Zürich)
de Winter, J.C.F. (TU Delft OLD Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics)

2016

The topic of transitions in automated driving is becoming important now that cars are automated to ever greater extents. This paper proposes a theoretical framework to support and align human factors research on transitions in automated driving. Driving states are defined based on the allocation of primary driving tasks (i.e., lateral control, longitudinal control, and monitoring) between the driver and the automation. A transition in automated driving is defined as the process during which the human-automation system changes from one driving state to another, with transitions of monitoring activity and transitions of control being among the possibilities. Based on ‘Is the transition required?’, ‘Who initiates the transition?’, and ‘Who is in control after the transition?’, we define six types of control transitions between the driver and automation: (1) Optional Driver-Initiated Driver-in-Control, (2) Mandatory Driver-Initiated Driver-in-Control, (3) Optional Driver-Initiated Automation-in-Control, (4) Mandatory Driver-Initiated Automation-in-Control, (5) Automation-Initiated Driver-in-Control, and (6) Automation-Initiated Automation-in-Control. Use cases per transition type are introduced. Finally, we interpret previous experimental studies on transitions using our framework and identify areas for future research. We conclude that our framework of driving states and transitions is an important complement to the levels of automation proposed by transportation agencies, because it describes what the driver and automation are doing, rather than should be doing, at a moment of time.

Human factors
Automated driving
Transitions
Transition classification

http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:943eecac-6d5a-47ef-b5dd-43e4f0fd058a

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.007

2018-11-30

1369-8478

Transportation Research. Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 43, 183–198

Institutional Repository

journal article

© 2016 Z. Lu, R. Happee, C.D.D. Cabrall, M. Kyriakidis, J.C.F. de Winter